{"id":9661,"date":"2025-07-23T14:04:13","date_gmt":"2025-07-23T14:04:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wissenschaftliche-integritaet.de\/?post_type=kommentare&#038;p=9661"},"modified":"2025-07-23T14:04:16","modified_gmt":"2025-07-23T14:04:16","slug":"honorary-authorship-and-its-various-forms","status":"publish","type":"kommentare","link":"https:\/\/wissenschaftliche-integritaet.de\/en\/comments\/honorary-authorship-and-its-various-forms\/","title":{"rendered":"Honorary authorship and its various forms"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Guideline 14 of the DFG Code of Conduct states that researchers must have made \u201ca genuine, identifiable contribution\u201d in order to be named as an author of a research publication. By the same token, it emphasises that \u201chonorary authorship where no such contribution was made is not permissible\u201d. In addition, Guideline 1 identifies \u201cstrict honesty in attributing one\u2019s own contributions and those of others\u201d \u2013 and therefore the correct attribution of publication contributions \u2013 as a general principle of good research practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yet there are still numerous constellations in which individuals are granted authorship in disregard of these criteria. These scenarios are outlined below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Coerced authorship<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Researchers in senior positions sometimes claim authorship for themselves based solely on their leadership role. This contravenes the rules of good research practice as clearly set out in Guideline 14: \u201cA leadership or supervisory function does not itself constitute co-authorship.\u201d Legitimate authors do not always add senior staff to the list of authors of their own accord; additions may also be made under pressure or at the insistence of those in authority. For this reason, this practice is referred to as \u201ccoerced authorship\u201d. In some cases, individuals also exploit their role as a supervisor of an academic qualification project in order to force through honorary authorship. Such practices may be considered an abuse of a managerial, supervisory or mentoring position \u2013 something which is already prohibited under Guideline 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other positions (of power) \u2013 such as exclusive control over access to data, research materials or equipment \u2013 may also be used to impose honorary authorship. The so-called <a href=\"https:\/\/wissenschaftliche-integritaet.de\/en\/comments\/authorship-criteria-negative-catalogue\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">negative catalogue<\/a> associated with Guideline 14 provides helpful guidance in this context, outlining types of contributions that do not justify authorship in and of themselves. Whether or not the provision of data or materials warrants authorship, for example, must be assessed on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the conventions of the relevant discipline. It will depend on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the importance of the data collection or material acquisition to the research project in question,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the level of scientific expertise required for this purpose,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the extent to which it constitutes a genuine scholarly contribution to the publication, and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the degree of further involvement in producing the content of the publication.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Gift authorship<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In some cases, legitimate authors grant authorship to others as a personal favour even though the recipients do not meet the criteria for authorship. Such \u201cgift authorship\u201d is another form of honorary authorship. It is sometimes justified on the grounds that the recipients need a publication credit to improve their formal eligibility for a research position or academic appointment. This can potentially involve researchers at any stage of their career. In some instances, it can result in a form of reciprocal recognition in which the inappropriately credited individuals return the favour by naming the original authors in a subsequent publication \u2013 a practice which is in turn referred to as \u201cmutual support authorship\u201d. This practice likewise violates the principles of good research practice (GWP), since it allows researchers to gain an unfair advantage in performance evaluations based on apparent productivity and receive credit for scholarly content to which they have not contributed \u2013 or only marginally so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Guest authorship<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cGuest authorship\u201d refers to the inclusion of a researcher\u2019s name in the list of authors for the sole purpose of boosting a study\u2019s credibility or increasing the chances of publication. This practice exploits the tendency for recognition of a publication\u2019s content to be attributed primarily to the most prominent researchers among the listed authors \u2013 whose names are to effectively serve as a seal of approval for the scientific quality of the work. The \u201csuccess\u201d of such a practice indirectly points to weaknesses in the peer review process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A particularly serious case arises when guest authors are named without their consent. Such action is unacceptable, as it misleads readers and exploits individuals by making them appear responsible for work they neither contributed to nor are aware of. This tactic is frequently employed by predatory journals, which claim to adhere to scientific quality standards but in reality circumvent them in pursuit of profit. So-called \u201cpaper mills\u201d also resort to this unethical practice. In cases involving fabricated content, such conduct can even amount to criminal activity. Targeted individuals can respond not only by invoking good research practice but also by pursuing legal action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Authorship for sale<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Paper mills are also associated with other clear violations of the authorship rules of good research practice. As profit-driven organisations, they produce or sell articles that appear to be scientific but often contain questionable, falsified, or even entirely fabricated content. In this context, authorships are offered for sale (\u201cauthorship for sale\u201d). Accepting such an offer constitutes a breach of established authorship conventions and of the general principles of good research practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><strong>Honorary authorship as an instance of scientific misconduct<\/strong><\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The unauthorised or unjustified claiming or acceptance of authorship or co-authorship may be classified as scientific misconduct and may be subject to investigation and sanctions under the applicable rules of procedure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">This article is based on:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reeg, Nele (2022): \u00bbAutorschaften\u00ab, in: Wissenschaftliche Fairness. Wissenschaft zwischen Integrit\u00e4t und Fehlverhalten, Bielefeld: transcript, S. 171-175.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sources:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:15px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ombudsman f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft (2019): Jahresbericht 2018 an den Senat der DFG und die \u00d6ffentlichkeit. Berlin: <a href=\"https:\/\/ombudsgremium.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Jahresbericht-2018-Ombudsman.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/ombudsgremium.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Jahresbericht-2018-Ombudsman.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B\u00fclow, William\/Helgesson, Gert (2018): \u00bbHostage authorship and the problem of dirty hands\u00ab, in: Research Ethics 14, S. 1\u20139.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Feeser, V. R.\/Simon, Jeremy R. (2008): \u00bbThe ethical assignment of authorship in scientific publications: issues and guidelines\u00ab, in: Academic Emergency Medicine 15, S. 963\u2013969.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strange, Kevin (2008): \u00bbAuthorship: why not just toss a coin?\u00ab, in: American Journal of Physiology \u2013 Cell Physiology 295, C567\u201375.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Biagioli, Mario (2019): \u00bbPlagiarizing Names?\u00ab, in: Trends in Chemistry 1, S. 3\u20135.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Huber, J\u00fcrgen; Inoua, Sabiou; Kerschbamer, Rudolf; K\u00f6nig-Kersting, Christian; Palan, Stefan; Smith, Vernon L. (2022): Nobel and novice: Author prominence affects peer review. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119 (41), e2205779119. DOI: 10.1073\/pnas.2205779119.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hvistendahl, Mara (2013): \u00bbChina\u2019s publication bazaar\u00ab, in: Science 342, S. 1035\u20131039.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"links-block_f2ea42531b036b8d76b2419b36f01ddc\" class=\"kodex__comments-full--used-links links\"><h3 class=\"mb05em\">Further reading:<\/h3><div class=\"dfg_links_link_title\">  <\/div><div class=\"mb05em\">Abalkina, Anna (2023): Publication and collaboration anomalies in academic papers originating from a paper mill: Evidence from a Russia\u2010based paper mill. In: Learned Publishing 36 (4), S. 689\u2013702. <\/div><a class=\"kodex__comments-full--used-links  outside-link\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/leap.1574\"  target=\"_blank\">DOI: 10.1002\/leap.1574 <span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"dfg_links_link_title\">  <\/div><div class=\"mb05em\">Czesnick, Hj\u00f6rdis (2020): Konflikte im Zusammenhang mit Autorschaften und Datennutzung \u2013 Erfahrungen des \u00bbOmbudsman f\u00fcr die Wissenschaft\u00ab. <\/div><a class=\"kodex__comments-full--used-links  outside-link\" href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.4723737\"  target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.4723737<span><\/span><\/a><div class=\"dfg_links_link_title\">  <\/div><div class=\"mb05em\">Frisch, Katrin; Reeg, Nele (2024): Autorschafts- und Datennutzungskonflikte in der Ombudsarbeit. <\/div><a class=\"kodex__comments-full--used-links  outside-link\" href=\"http:\/\/doi.10.5281\/zenodo.14534675 \"  target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/doi.10.5281\/zenodo.14534675 <span><\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Guideline 14 of the DFG Code of Conduct states that researchers must have made \u201ca genuine, identifiable contribution\u201d in order to be named as an author of a research publication. By the same token, it emphasises that \u201chonorary authorship where no such contribution was made is not permissible\u201d. In addition, Guideline 1 identifies \u201cstrict honesty [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","kommentar_cats":[257],"kommentar_tags":[177],"class_list":["post-9661","kommentare","type-kommentare","status-publish","hentry","kommentar_cats-general","kommentar_tags-authorship"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Honorary authorship and its various forms - Wissenschaftliche Integrit\u00e4t<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"There are still numerous constellations in which individuals are granted authorship in disregard of the criteria. 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